Reflective marking aggregate



July l), 1962 p, v PALMQUIST ETAL 3,043,196

REFLECTIVE MARKING AGGREGATE Filed Sept. 18, 1957 /Vf/'Zna/ Surface of fer/alb.

#fram/5X5 United States Patent O 3,043,196 REFLECTEVE MARKEN@ AGGREGATE Philip V. Palmquist, Maplewood, Eugene L. McKenzie, North St. Paul, and Thomas L. Harrington, St. Paul, Minn., assignors to Minnesota Mining and Manufacturmg Company, St. Paul, Minn., a corporation of Dela- Ware Filed Sept. 18, 1957, Ser. No. 684,692 6 Claims. (Cl. iis-82) This invention relates to handleable, crush-resistant, discrete, reex-reecting particles. The particles hereof comprise aggregates of small transparent sphere-lenses associated in optical connection with underlying lightreecting means so as to produce brilliant reex-reection of an incident beam ofv light striking the same, regardless of the angle at which the incident beam strikes the particles when they are supported in positions of use.

The reflective aggregate of this invention is particularly useful in providing attention-getting, highly-visible markers for flat horzontal surfaces such as aircraft runways, shoulders of highways, highway center islands or dividers for traffic lanes, etc., where improvements in the nighttime visible perception of a route or runway for great distances ahead is desired by operators of vehicles, es-

pecially the operators of automobiles, aircraft, and the like. reliective aggregate of this invention.

There are, of course, many other uses for the For example, it

maybe used in marking bridge abutments, curves, curbs,

guideposts, slanted dividers for traic lanes, etc. Primarily, however, it will be found most useful in marking applications designed to render the path of horizontal water causes beams from the headlights of an automobile to be largely reected olf of it at distances over about 100 feet ahead of the automobile. Over approximately 82% of the light from automobile headlights is so reected off such a water film at distances of 100 feet or more ahead of the automobile. Thus, such light is lost to the driver of the automobile; and under such conditions, he gains the impression that the highway is pitch black ahead.

Highway center islands marked with the reflective aggregate of this invention, however, remain visible to the driver of an automobile during periods of rainfall for distances as great as 500 feet or more ahead, as will be shown.

While `flat surfaced structures, which function to provide reflex reection even when covered with Water are known (see U.S. Patent No. 2,407,680 to Palmquist et al.), such structures do not have the high angular-ity characteristics required for horizontal roadway use. (For a supplemental discussion of various reflex light reecting principles, including that of angularity, see U.S. Patent No. 2,294,930 to Palmquist). In markers for horizontal surfaces, extremely high angularity is required in order for an incident beam of light from a vehicle such as an automobile to be substantially reected back toward the occupants in a brilliant cone having its axis essentially common with the incident beam; this being the essental feature of reex light reection.

Contrary to teachings in U.S. Patent No. 2,407,680 to the effect that a dat surface is required to prevent water-caused blackout, this invention provides a solution to the problem of water-caused blackout in reflex reect- 3,643,196 ?atented July l0, 1962 ICC ing structures without necessarily employing a flat surface. Instead, it has been found possible to use a lenticular or pebbly surface such as that presented by a plurality of beads about half embedded in a binder, even though prior art, as aforenoted, suggests the inability of such a structure to function to provide brilliant reex reection when coated with a iilm of water. The elements of our reective aggregate, and the arrangement thereof whereby such a result is accomplished, constitute material features of this invention.

In a broad sense, however, this invention provides the art for the first time with a practical composite mixture of brilliantly reflex-reecting articles useful in providing horizontal surface markings which are visible to the occupants of an automobile, or the pilot of an aircraft, for great distances ahead under both wet and dry nighttime conditions. Also provided lby this invention is a new article of manufacture which is conveniently handled and which is brilliantly reex-reflecting regardless of the direction of an incident beam striking the same. Additionally, this invention provides an article of manufacture comprising a sturdy core surrounded by transparent sphere-lenses which are bonded to the core and which additionally are equipped with minute reflecting means lying internally of the structures so as to produce brilliant reflex reection of an incident beam striking the article.

The reection of light effected by the minute reflecting means underlying sphere-lenses of the aggregate hereof is characterized as specular, as opposed to diffuse or scattered, inasmuch as mirror-like reection predominates in the structure. The preferred form for the minute reecting means to assume is that of a thin, essentially, hemispherical coating of silver or the like on the back extremity of the sphere-lens, i.e., the portion lying internally of the structure of the aggregate.

The attainment of necessary optical and structural relationships in the aggregate hereof will readily be realized as one presenting a serious manufacturing problem. The sphere-lenses are spread over the surface of an underlying lithic core member and are about half buried, i.e., about half embedded, in a durable, chemical-resistant, Weather-resistant, and solvent-resistant binder. Since the core of the aggregate hereof may assume a variety of shapes and have varying degrees of pits and irregularities on its surface, a serious problem arises as to how to provide such a core material with a brilliantly reliex-reflecting coating wherein a plurality of light reflecting spherelenses are oriented with each having an essentiallyhemispherical, specular, light-reecting coating on its back extremity. To accomplish this in an economical manner so that the resulting aggregate can be made available at a reasonable price for extensive highway marking use will be seen to further complicate the problem. As an added advantage of this invention, however, a practical solution to the problem of making of the aggregate hereof in an economical manner is provided.

The features of our invention will be explained in connection with an illustrative drawing made a part hereof, wherein:

FIGURES 1 and 2 are schematic views in cross section through reflective aggregate articles of this invention;

FIGURE 3 is an enlargement of the looped portions a of FIGURES l and 2; and

FIGURE 4 is a schematic side elevation illustrating a highway center island provided with the reflective aggregate of this invention.

Several specific embodiments of our invention will now be explained in connection with illustrative, but nonlimitative, examples.

spaanse 3 EXAMPLE 1 Reflective aggregateV of this invention in particle sizes greater than about 20 mesh and smaller than about 10 mesh was prepared as follows:

First, greystone rock was crushed and screened to collect chips of a size between about and 20 mesh, i.e., chips small enough to pass through a 10 mesh screen` and too `large to pass through a mesh screen. About 100 pounds of the `collected greystone granules were charged into a mortar mixer and blown with air to remove dust. To Ythe greystone granules in the mixer was then added about ,4 pounds of a bond solution consisting of about parts epoxy resins and about 25 parts polyamide-r resin dissolved in about 50 parts of toluene.v Y

Epoxy resins, i.e., resinous lglycidyl polyethers, are available commercially, and have, on the average, more than one 1,2-epoxy group in a molecule. They may be produced by the-'reaction of 2,2-bis(Lt-hydroxyphenol) propane (i.e., Bisphenol A) and epichlo'rhydrin in alkaline Vmedia at elevated temperatures within the approximate range of Sil-150 C. VIn the reaction, VBisphenol A may be replaced in ywholeror part by various other polyhydric phenols, e.g., resorcinol, 2,-2 -'bis(4hydroxyphenyl) butane, etc., or polyhydroxy compounds such as ethylene glycol7 etc. Likewise, sources of epoxy radicals other than epichlorhydrin may be employed in the reaction. As

i epoxy resin (prepared -by using less epoxy radical source material in the reaction mixture than in the case of preparing liquid'epoxy resins) melting at about 64-76 C. It has an epoxide equivalentof about 450 to 525. lts 'color is up to a maximum of 8 on the Gardner scale.

The polyamide resin ofthe formula reacts with the epoxy resin to produce hardening of the composition, and is the addition product of polymerized long chain fatty acids and polyfunctional primary and secondary amines.

' The particular polyamide resin chosen for the foregoing composition was Versamid 125, stated by its manufacturer, General Mills, Inc. to have an average molecular v weight of 2,000, an acid number of 7, and a Brookeld viscosity of about 45,000 to 55,000 centipoises at 23 C.

After adding the bond solution to the greystone granules in the mortar mixer, the batch was tumbled and mixed until essentially all of the toluene evaporated. During this mixing the granules were essentially completely coated Vwith a layer of the epoxy and polyamide mixture. In the first stage of mixing, the solution of epoxy and polyamide resins ilowed over the granules and even tended to cause some clumping ltogether of the coated granules. Continued mixing, however, served to break clumps of the Y resin coated granules; and evaporation of solvent left'the resin coatings at the desired degree of tackiness or stickiness for subsequent processing steps but insufficient to cause clumping. It will ybe evident, therefore, that by employing a coating composition and technique; such as described, the resulting tacky coated granules resist clumping and remain in discrete particle form, as desired.

To the tacky coated granules in the mixer was then added about 100 pounds of silver-coated glass beads.

The beads themselves were formed of transparent glass having a refractive index of about 1.92, `and a specific gravity of about 3.6. Beads of au average diameter ranging from about to 70 microns were employed.

These beads had been previously coated with silver using the following procedure: 1,200 pounds of de-ionized Epon 828 is a liquid epoxy water were charged into a stainless steel mixing vessel, and 12 pounds of silver nitrate dissolved therein. Next 300 pounds of clean beads were added, followed by 25 pounds of a 28% aqueous ammonia solution, 42 pounds of a 23.8% water solution of dextrose and 42 pounds of a 15.8% water solution of potassium hydroxide. The contents Were stirred and the reaction allowed to proceed for about 15 minutes inthermixing vessel. Then the contents were poured in a lter vessel where the silver-coated beads were collected and lseparatedfrom the solution of other ingredients. The beads were subsequently washed with Water and' dried iby vibrating them over a heated plate. Normally 300 pounds of beads Vmay be silvered in the batch as here described, but the size-of the batch of beads to bey silvered varies depending upon .the average bead size in the batch, smaller batches being used when `beads of smaller average diameter are treated.

After adding the silvered beads to the tacky coated granules, as aforedescribed, agitation or tumbling of the mixer was continued for only so long as required for distribution of the silver-coated beads over the tacky surface of the granules. The sticky resin surfaces of the granules rapidly picked up the -beads and very little mix- Ving was needed to effectively coat the granules with the beads, The ybeads in the coating were about half embedded'in the sticky resin. Y

The lbatch from the mixer was then poured on to a 40 meshv screen, Where loose beads representing any excess were removed by vibrating the screen and allowing the loose beads to fall through. Following this, the aggregate was allowed to age at Vroom temperature for at least 24 hours to obtain at leastY a partial cure of the resin bond. It wasV then treated with an etching solution to remove the silver coating from the outer exposed bead Y surfaces.

For etching, the aggregate was poured into a solution formed'by adding about 3.4 pounds of potassium dichromate and 11.5 pounds of concentrated sulfuric acid to about 405 pounds of water. After about 20v seconds, the etching solution was drawn from the vaggregate and the etched aggregate washed with water. The wet aggregate was then placed in an oven and heated to about 220 F. for about 16 hours to dry it and essentially fully cure the resin bond coating. The resulting cured resin bond coating Vwas resistant to attack by alkalis such as may normally be found on highway and adjacent surfaces. It was insoluble in all common solvents, and resistant to degradation by weathering. It effectively held the minute reflex-reflecting elements in position.

EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of Example 1r wasv followed except that the silvered beads employed here were formed using transparent glass beads or sphere-lenses having a refractive index of 2.5, a specific gravity of 6.1, and an average diameter in the range of 30-70 microns.

EXAMPLE 3 Aggregate prepared as in Example 1 was mixed with an approximately equal amount of aggregate prepared as in Example 2 to provide a composite mass which brilliantly reflected `beams of light directed upon it under either wet or dry conditions, regardless of the angle of conditions, as where the aggregate is coated with a thin film of water, the aggregate formed as in Example 2 performs most etiiciently.

'I'he composite mixture of aggregate of this example, however, functions to provide brilliant reflex reection of light under either wet or dry conditions, and is particularly suitable for use in marking inclined edges of highways, center islands, curbs, bridge abutments, etc. may be easily bonded as an irregular scattered layer on such surfaces by using conventional paint lms as the bonding medium to secure the aggregate to the inclined surface; and under varied wet or dry conditions, a beam of light striking the mixture of aggregate at any angle of incidence is reiiex reflected in a brilliant cone having its axis essentially common with the incident ray.

Using an aggregate mixture such as described in this example in size ranges from about 20 mesh up to about l0 mesh, aircraft runways have been made visible to pilots for distances up to approximately 21/2 miles, by reflex reflection of light beams originating from the wing lights of the aircraft in iiight. No other reflective marliing system is known to be able to even approach such a result.

EXAMPLE 4 Certain critical requirements -for the size of the reective aggregate of this invention must be met where it is used for marking horizontal, essentially flat surfaces such as highway center islands and the like so that they remain visible to the occupants of an automobile `for great distances ahead under wet conditions at night. The aggregate for this use must be at least 8 mesh or greater, i.e., must be of a size sutiiciently great so that the aggregate is retained and does not pass through a screen of about 8 mesh. Extremely large aggregate, eg., aggregate over about l inch average diameter, may be employed successfully for long distance marking of horizontal surfaces during rainfall as taught herein, but such larger sizes offer little or no advantage over sizes in the range of about ls inch average diameter up' to an average diameter approaching l inch. Additionally, convenience of handling is sacriiiced in the case of sizes greater than l inch in average diameter. Preferred sizes of aggregate used for the purpose here discussed lie in the range of about s inch to about '1/2 inch average diameter. lt will be appreciated that the concept average diameter as used herein refers to the average particle size as determined by screening and does not connote a true diameter or a true spherical shape for the particles. Indeed, crushed or chipped material useful in the manufacture of the aggregate hereof may be of any irregular shape, as evident from the examples hereof.

The critical importance of the use of aggregate having an average diameter of at least about Ma inch for rendering horizontal surfaces visible from an automobile for great distances ahead at night during rainfall is illustrated by the following experiment. Aggregate of various sizes as noted in Table l, prepared according to teachings such as set forth in Example 2, was sprinkled at various concentrations as noted in the table over strips 10() feet long and l foot Wide on an asphalt highway, after first applying a paint vehicle over the area of each strip. Small sizes of aggregate were well bonded in this paint vehicle as it dried on the underlying asphalt horizontal surface, whereas larger sizes were relatively poorly so bonded. For larger sized aggregate, strong bonds can be formed by pressing the aggregate partially into a molten asphalt coating.) The concentration of aggregate for each size was varied so as to produce approximately equal brilliance of reection for each strip under rainy nighttime conditions, as will be explained. During a rainstorm at night, the relative effectiveness of each strip as a long Vdistance marker was tested by directing the headlights of an automobile thereupon (as illustrated in FlGURE 4). The results are set forth in the table.

Table 1 Distance from which strip Aggregate Size Concentration, Was visible lbs/yd.2 to driver of automobilein rainstorm, feet 40-20 mesh 0.10 100 20-10 imesh..-" 0.22 250 l0 mesh-/" 0. 4l 300 Wr" 0. 74 750 xt" 1. 25 750 Based on the foregoing, it is evident that an aggregate size of at least about 1A; inch average diameter is required for visible perception on a horizontal surface by reflex reflection at a distance of 500 feet or more in front of an automobile during wet weather. Visible perception of objects at a distance of 500 feet ahead is generally consrdered by safety experts as a minimum requirement for safe, high-speed driving atnighttime.

V1n Table 2 are set forth the approximate proportion by weight of glass beads, resin bonding material and lithic core substance for the aggregate of each particleV size employed in the foregoing test.

` Table 2 Aggregate Size Glass Resin Core Beads Bond 40-20 mesh as. 3 s s0. 7 17.7 2 80.3 13.6 1.2 85.2 7.3 0.8 91.9 5.4 0.6 04.0.

From Table 2 it is seen that a greater quanti-ty by weight of the larger sized aggregate is needed for a brilliance of reliex reflection theoretically closely equivalent vto that which should be obtained using relatively smaller EXAMPLE 5 A large sized reflective aggregate especially designed for use on highway shoulders, where it is not bonded but lies as loose rock upon the shoulder, has `been prepared by the following method. Approximately 600 grams of traprock screened to a size range between about 3A inch to about l inch was dipped into a solution made up of about 16.5 parts of an. epoxy resin (Epon lG0l), and 16.5 parts of a polyamide resin (Versamid 125) dissolved in about 67 parts of toluene. The dipped aggregate was withdrawn from the solution and placed on a screen to drain and air `dry until essentially all solvent evaporated. The resulting tacky resin coated rock was then mixed in a tumbling mixer with grams of silvercoated beads, prepared as described in Example l, after -which excess beads were removed from the mixture by vibratory screening employing a 40 mesh screen. About l0 grams of beads adhered to the 600. grams of aggregate. The coated aggregate was then aged, etched, dried and cured as in Example l.

One of the primary advantages of aggregate in the size range described in this example lies in its ability to remain in place upon a horizontal surface even though not bonded to the surface, and in its ability to resist being covered by loose gravel and the like. As in Example 3, beads of approximately 1.9 refractive index and of approximately 2.5 refractive index wereused in preparing liantly reflecting incident light under separate batches of aggregate ofthe size Vdescribed in this example, after which the batches were mixed together to,

provide a composite mixture of aggregate capable of brilboth wet and dry conditions.

The larger size aggregate of kthis example may also desirably be used to reiiectorize median strips, particularly those which may be characterized as rumblized strips between lanes of ay highway.` Rumblized stripsare f those which consist essentialy of Ysmall' rocks or the like piled Yin random fashion.

EXAMPLE 6 In place of epoxy resin bond of the foregoing examples, apolyurethane resin bond was used to afjx glass beads to an underlying lithic core member. Except as here indicated, the conditions of treatment and procedure em'-` inch screen size range. The urethane bond solution consisted of 14.1 parts of Mondur C and 18.8 parts of Multron R-lO dissolved in Vabout 67.1 parts of ethyl acetate. Y

Mondur C is the trade name used by Mobay Chemical Co., the supplier of thisY material, for a polyfunctional isocyanate adduct believed to consist of the reaction product formed by reacting stoichiometric quantities of toluene di-isocyanate and trimethylol propane at about 60 C. and at about 60% by weight solids concentration in ethyl acetate solution. The isocyauate radicals (NCC) in Mondur C account yfor approximately 14.2% of itsV weight. As used in this example Mondur C consisted of approximately 75% by weight of resin solids dissolved in ethyl acetate.

Multron R-lO is the trade name used by its manufacturer, the Mobay Chemical Co., for a polyester compound which is heat reactive with Mondur C to produce anon-tacky cured resin mass. Multron R-lO is believed -to consist in essential respects of the reaction product of phthalic anhydride and adipic acid with diethylene glycol and trimethylol propane. It is stated by its manufacturer to have an OH number of 205-220, an acid number of less than 4, a viscosity at 163 F. of about 640- 840 centipoises, and a-density at 77 F. of 1.13. As used in this example Multron R-10 consisted of approximately 50% by weight of solids dissolved in ethyl acetate.

The bond solution was mixed with the pea-gravel until the solvent, ethyl acetate, was essentially completely evaporated. vThis mixing resulted in the gravel being essentially completely coated with a sticky urethane coating. Then 200 grams of silver-coated beads were added and agitation of the mixture continued for only so long asV required for the sticky coating of the core material to pick up the silvered beads and become surface coated therewith. The loose beads were then separated'from the coated aggregate, after which the coated aggregate was held at about 350 for two hours to effect curing of the polyurethane bond. The product was then etched andY dried as in` Example 1. Y

Tfwo different batches of reflective aggregate prepared according to this example were formed, as in Examples .faces are coated with -a thin film of water.

means 13 underlyingtlgesplteres andV associated in optical connection therewith." As, particularly illustrated in FIGURE 3, each sphere-lens, i.e., glass bead 12, of the aggregate is oriented in position in front of the mirrorlike hemispherical light-reflectingl surface of coating 13V which is `contiguous with the back extremity of the sphere-lens. Bond` coating 11 is interposed between the approximately hemispherical coating of silver 13, or equivalent, on the sphere-lenses 12, and the central core member. The optical arrangement, as illustrated in FIGURE 3, is such that the brilliance of light reflection for our aggregate -is far in excess of that for white paint surfaces, reflective brilliancies as high as 450 times, or more, that of White paint being easily obtained using aggregate lformed by the procedure illustrated in Example 1 hereof. Y c

Where brilliance of reex reliection can be sacrificed to some extent, aluminum flake or the like may be used as the specular reflecting means underlying sphere-lenses about a rigid central core member.

rl'lhe rigid cores for the aggregate of this invention may be irregular in shape, spherical, or elliptical as aforeillustrated. @Materials such as crushed rock, gravel, etc., screened to particle sizes according to the principles aforeelucidated, have been found suitable. Generally the core material employed will have a speci-fic gravity between about 2.4 and 2.97, but some-expanded lithic materials having a specific gravity as low as about 1.5 have been found satisfactory. Other materials, even those of lower specific gravity, ymay be found useful.

For the bond material applied as a coating around the rigid core, it has been found preferable to employ heatcurable or thermosettable resin compositions which are nonbrittle, tough, chemically-resistant, weather-resistant, and solvent-resistant in the cured state, as illustrated. Other suitable materials, howevenmay be employed to aiiix the sphere-lenses in place about the central core so long as the essential optica-l characteristics aforediscussed are maintained, In this respect it is important to select materials for the bond which do not flow over and fully encapsulate the silver-coated beads, thereby preventing access to the outwardly-facing hemisphere of silver which must be removed from the beads before they can serve as minute lenses as required. Thus, heatcurable resin materials for this bond must be, and remain, lsufficiently viscous and` sticky so as to retain the silver-coated lbeads in position during any curing cycle, and steps preliminary thereto; and such resins should not flow over the coated beadsV partially embedded therein.

The effective refractive index of beads or spherelenses to be used in preparing the aggregate hereof is preferablyV approximately 1.9 in cases where brilliant reflex reflection of -the highest order is desired under dry conditions, and preferablyv approximatelyy 2.5 in cases where brilliant reliex rejection of the highest order is desired under Wet conditions, as when aggregate surhowever, sphere-lenses of mixed refractive-index, as well Vas of refractive indices varying from about 1.7 to about 2.9, can be used to produce products of a useful character.

A characteristic of the products hereof employing :beads of a refractive index of 1.9 and 2.5 is the lenticular nature of their surfaces. It is imperative, for reex reflection of' the Vmost brilliant character during periods of rainfall whenV my lenticular-surfaced articles employing beads of 2.5 refractive index are coated with a thin film of water, that such beads be only partially embedded in an average diameter between about 15 and 125 microns In general,

9 constitute the preferred sizes to employ in the making of the aggregate. Other factors being equal, beads within the -size range from to 125 microns have been found to provide the greatest brilliance of reilex reilection in our aggregate structures.

If desired the reflective aggregate hereof may be made so as to appear colored under either daytime or nighttime conditions, or both. `lFor example, the bond layer may be colored by pigments or dyes, and the spherelenses themselves may be formed of colored glass. Ad-

vantageously, our aggregate, as illustrated in the exam-l ples, can be formed so as to present the appearance of ordinary dull and dirty rock or stone during daytime, and yet be fully eective for brilliant reflex reflection of light directed upon it at night.

That which is claimed is:

l. Individual particles of reflective aggregate having an average diameter not over one-half inc-h, each handleable as a separate article and being adapted :for use in providing markers of eflicient reflex reflection of incident beams of light striking the same, said particles of rellective aggregate comprising a rigid core member, and an adherent coating over said core member, said coating comprising a light-returning layer of small transparent sphere-lenses with internal specular light-reilecting means underlying said sphere-lenses and in optical connection with the back extremity thereof so as to produce reex reflection of light directed upon said aggregate, regardless of the angle of incidence of said directed light, said sphere-lenses having a refractive index or" at least 1.7.

2. In a structure comprising a vehicular trac lane and a border along at least one side thereof, the improvement consisting essentially of a spread of a plurality of articles satisfying the requirements of claim l.

3. Reective aggregate particles having an average diameter size between approximately la inch and l inch, said particles comprising a rigid core member and a lightreturning layer of small transparent sphere-lenses bonded to said rigid core member and a specular, essentiallyhemispherical, light-reilecting coating underlying each of said sphere-lenses and being in optical connection with the back extremities thereof so as to produce reex reflection of light directed upon said particles regardless of the direction from which said light originates, said sphere-lenses being of a size up to approximately 125 microns in average diameter and having a refractive index of at least 1.7.

4. Individual particles of reiiective aggregate having an average diameter not over one-half inch, each handleable as a separate article and adapted for use in providing markers of efficient and brilliant reex reflection of incident beams of light striking the same, said particles of aggregate comprising a rigid core member, a chemical-resistant, Weather-resistant and solvent-resistant coating over said core member, and, rigidly affixed to said coating, a light-returning layer of small transparent sphere-lenses having a refractive index of at least 1.7, said sphere-lenses having specular, essentially-hemispherical, light-reflecting coatings in optical connection with the back extremities thereof so as to produce reflex reflection of a beam of light directed upon said aggregate regardless of the angle of incidence of said light, the outwardly facing, approximately hemispherical portion of said sphere-lenses being exposed to surrounding air.

5. Particles of reflective aggregate as set forth in claim 4 wherein at least some particles contain sphere-lenses having a refractive index of approximately 2.5.

6. Individual particles of reflective aggregate, each handleable as a separate article and adapted for use in providing markers of eflicient and brilliant reflex reflection of incident beams of light striking the same, said particles of aggregate being of a size capable of passing throulgh a screen having openings approximately one inch square in area, and comprising a rigid core member and an adherent coating about said core member, said coating comprising a light-returning layer of small transparent sphere-lenses having a specular, essentially-hemispherical, light-reflecting coating on the back extremities thereof so as to produce yreflex reection of a beam of light directed upon said aggregate at any angle of incidence, said sphere-lenses and associated light-reilectin'g coating being rigidly bonded to said core member by a substantially fully cured, tough and weather-resistant resin, the refractive index of said sphere-lenses being at least 1.7 and the average diameter thereof' being in the range of from 15 to 125 microns.

References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,879,799 Glaesel Sept. 27, 1932 1,902,440 Gill Mar. 21, 1933 1,986,591 Meyer Jan. l, 1935 2,139,824 Higgins Dec. 13, 1938 2,330,096 Waters Sept. 2l, 1943 2,345,644 Weber Apr. 4, 1944 2,529,576 Scanlon Nov. 14, 1950 2,675,739 McGrath Apr. 20, 1954 2,732,311 Hartwright Ian. 24, 1956 2,807,556 Stark Sept. 24, 1957 2,937,668 Carey et al May 24, 1960 FOREIGN PATENTS 481,505 Great Britain Mar. 7, 1938 688,310 Great Britain Mar. 4, 1953 

1. INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES OF REFLECTIVE AGGREGATE HAVING AN AVERAGE DIAMETER NOT OVER ONE-HALF INCH, EACH HANDLEABLE AS A SEPARATE ARTICLE AND BEING ADAPTED FOR USE IN PROVIDING MARKERS OF EFFICIENT REFLEX REFLECTION OF INCIDENT BEAMS OF LIGHT STRIKING THE SAME, SAID PARTICLES OF REFLECTIVE AGGREGATE COMPRISING A RIGID CORE MEMBER, AND AN ADHERENT COATING OVER SAID CORE MEMBER, SAID COATING COMPRISING A LIGHT-RETURNING LAYER OF SMALL TRNSPARAENT SPHERE-LENSES WITH INTERNAL SPECULAR LIGHT-REFLECTING MEANS UNDERLYING SAID SPHERE-LENSES AND IN OPTICAL CONNECTION WITH THE BACK EXTREMITY THEREOF SO AS TO PRODUCE REFLEX REFLECTION OF LIGHT DIRECTED UPON SAID AGGREGATE, REGARDLESS OF THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE OF SAID DIRECTED LIGHT, SAID SPHERE-LENSES HAVING A REFRACTIVE INDEX OF AT LEAST 1.7. 